Intakes of total, red, or processed meat were not associated with the risk of gastric cardia cancer.

Further studies with more cases are needed to detect a positive association between cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption and cardia cancer.

For alcohol consumption, elevated risk was suggested only for cardia cancer of all histologic types, though the relationship failed to reach significance.

No association was observed between cigarette smoking and risk of the undifferentiated type of distal gastric cancer except for a suggestive association with cardia cancer.

In contrast, these polymorphisms were not consistently related to the risks of esophageal or gastric cardia cancers.